Which of the following is not listed as an affiliation tendency?

• A. Mere proximity
• B. Reciprocity effect
• C. Perception of similarity
• D. Competitive drive

Answer: (D)

Affiliation tendencies are patterns that draw people toward forming social bonds. Being near others increases opportunities to connect, so mere proximity promotes affiliation. When someone does something for you or you feel a sense of returning a favor, reciprocity builds mutual liking and a sense of connection. Perceiving someone as similar to you—sharing values, beliefs, or background—also boosts attraction and belonging. Competitive drive, however, focuses on outperforming others and pursuing personal advantage, which can create distance rather than closeness, so it isn’t listed among affiliation tendencies.